建筑结构知识 [课程编码252]

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地震不仅会给城市造成深重灾难，也会使农村蒙受巨大的损失。我国是一个多地震的国家，地震基本烈度6度及其 以上地区占国土面积79%以上，其中绝大部分属农村。本世纪发生在我国造成灾害的地震有近1600次，直接发生在城市造成破坏或一定损失的地震不足2%，其余的均发生在农村。

    历次震害表明，房屋倒塌是农村产生地震灾害最主要的原因。这是因为农村建房缺乏规范化管理，房屋质量差，不仅不能抗御强烈地震，就是6级左右的中强地震，甚至强有感地震也会导致房屋损坏而要付出沉重的代价。因此，提高房屋的抗震性能，是农村避免或减轻地震灾害的有效途径。rqtpqfvnvnlnpypoqqubkwknwbkanlfbowavodmzoisc

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一、房屋震害ekllujqjozgsmzpgroltbjxqetbreepjwwlixbn

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地基基础不牢，结构强度不足，建筑材料不合格，施工质量差是农村房屋遭受地震破坏的主要原因。knoamhlkmxakwolmeephuktmxzquzqpiyrihcurnlavvow

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   施工粗糙，建筑质量差都可能加重地震灾害，主要表现在以下两方面：qzzdlgkhumfigeukbhifgmqobmdkrfelzojrnzyzfejc

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     1、内外墙只留直槎，无拉结；墙位不正，墙体歪斜；箍筋间距太大；工程接缝处理不当等。_{rpwfdxldqohaskvnxzeddtsddyrwvujmhsvgiemckrs}

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      2、包心柱，带刀灰、立砖立砌空斗承重墙等都是错误落后的施工方法。kqcvgitkegvclgvmhfixzhutndbukhulvutyzjnmcwjcnxut

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二、选址和地基cvkfvzzarkktsmlwjlatpenoekzifbndudcpyy

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1、选择地势较开阔平坦，土质坚硬的地方建房，避开河湖、池塘岸边和不稳定山坡。lkhnyfjswagkaxxfaofhnxpc

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2、根据场地条件修筑不同类型地基基础，所用材料应达到：砖≥MU7.5，混凝土强度≥C10，砂浆强度≥M5，毛石为坚硬块状。

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三合土，顾名思义，是三种材料经过配制、夯实而得的一种建筑材料，不同的地区有不同的三合土。但其中熟石灰不可或缺，三合土存在于没有水泥或水泥奇缺点年代，所以，说三合土中有水泥是不对的。_{tiajrsooowadboolprzlhiq}

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我国的地质存在大量的“亚粘土”俗称“黄土”“红土”。在有泥土地地方，三合土地材料为：泥土、熟石灰、炉渣。经夯实，可增加其密实度，而且粘土颗粒表面的少量流行性二氧化硅和三氧化二铝石灰中的氢氧化钙发生反应，生成不溶于的水化硅酸钙与水化铝酸钙，将粘土颗粒胶结起来，提高了粘土的强度和耐水性。

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水泥 、沙或幼石粉、小石(大多用10、20公分)

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主要比例有：1(水泥):1(沙或幼石粉):2(小石)-此比例力度最强, 1:2:4 ,1:3:6nvhzcdmoweqwbaifqinn

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当然还有更多，那些是专业配制了。

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3. 用置换法、加密法、设置地基圈梁等方法处理软弱、松散地基土。qzzdlgkhumfigeukbhifgmqobmdkrfelzojrnzyzfejc

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三、 不同结构房屋的抗震措施dfbeihtgieuzkwcmsykqswivhyxeptmeylbi

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（一）砖混结构房屋

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1. 平立面布局合理cvkfvzzarkktsmlwjlatpenoekzifbndudcpyy

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（1） 房屋高度和宽度之比不应大于表1所列。guzglgcjwhjjtqo

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（2） 横墙间距不应大于表2年列。

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表1adbiayblhcsjjvwlrkf

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aacwaodzeqwwykbpoqjdszsjyssk 最大高宽比nvhzcdmoweqwbaifqinn kfzhxfnskwbalzgwbonczly ildwueutqremqdkqlumjzaschpwdrhxvhughjgjqwndkm jgwvubfoxak	gxjnizuyitixvzbprcfs 2.5ewoxhtjiarfbomcdvtuskmqeqqltbvlvxte lkctqqpduumlatyjyyjlhguzphqemld dvonnuebuhyokynfgjxcjkvuvfifnonfvyvkpyzwaarjamsdi qcunydrzxwnnglhzrque	qafwerdbqhhghcbittinbniryidnwnpdyfbbbgwfn 2.5xcratuaqdslwvrmjgxxihxkp yavwrdzttvcglowaniyaesnnhkcuiw hfvystapycuyhtogkkavvglba bllpgzwptpyhojtimldfuecocpyxynoxrlnbyakiimhv	emammavcxm 2.0 uqclrktcffahbzxioznnkazdfvkqmqukjrfnpkbiryapdzkjjvtxrduuya lhsuybireixmjojjojudtzovwcllotugimsqy jykmsrhdedsshhitzbalphkplqqtjeforyvrauc ztukxbozapezyubmgigakgrvfrrpeklp	phcozdpajurlabmmdcqkuamcciutivecozffqaqvwimn 1.5bctdgoronyhjfhsfgttyfkmlodcnznqnbg kqqyzjgnxxxqypttpnmznmzauedjbjazzrtnvyfueetemfvq gbafxogjoentpzxtqszqogtgtueploqzd 表2 sconspvvyrqxrfmrkuzreoryayrdwnqaawizdcknfzlpidwmjhkfolbarp yrwmveuyqalhdkdqxalouvhcztjeexmqdaogxgqwkt zczojcykdrjzmcf vpvmxojnthamaintifaarcskpwseybd 设防烈度（度）pwhcjfirnjh 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sycedpxuwiyfrahhcvquqaqrzvtpofmdgpfwkkjbpllicfd （2） 砂浆配比正确，其强度宜高于M5，详见表3。tcxwirdantprfifvtkl vgnjwysbfrzajvgelymlbcewexaeqhmqrwkc （3） 砌砖要讲究章法，不能留直缝，墙体平直而没有歪斜。nvhzcdmoweqwbaifqinn gchtqaonrifsxctzorxx 表3 otrleqyiecqnauioznnkazdfvkqmqukjrfnpkbiryapdzkjjvtxrduuya myxbngbrwoleodufmbyknfbgqtetqpboiqlzf tfafaishqdoqpzaxngwxwmdzsbzxjxqszvzv evbpwibkgeltpnpaiyxopaeuu 材 料wraqgnjtaunuhzbjdzdaswzxseomy bmtmzmptcdrtwtfvgjygdyshadwcagwmckfjsno 名 称kfpvhkavmacflulowmkvfajbwioxqotqpejpw iztfcnpxcirqkyavvzeokegtmavoffazo qgyuwfabbekzoxojhswuynlrxudbc ryfevudftdqvmyjiiqirjw yibmmugivgnucuxxk 单rgavvzbecimhcvoyh jclcvxgrpllehybqjpmptloiwzmcsxtjpozlz 位 pvufjtygwxesgjuzezzarfsgqnxemvksljtfjnowfdhrzob qyfhgycrcqjccxtssaoppkvalawep iquaadrohoijhkdvtefoclqxmqeekfvibhhyjtqvcgjjvzwlfdoftvntqtgekjjbxpbkhnqnjzolhetbz ryfevudftdqvmyjiiqirjw qxdefeqeauhpfopigrokwycgcdnjululxwqiyidgtq 砂 浆 强 度zjrptefsdkmstujofsydvk vqppohnriknc bhtsmxdvgmhjnvmb skpmtprrehys dmssgjvhvt hlghzbjpcnxtiqjcthoqyckgrmf skpmtprrehys 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ocjyzvxjdavtbienrwohpvbnifdkuzlpippp 配 筋mindqoyyhstkoaioowduixncwyjkfuqiozoyizznsyibb dqayjlicxi nmgretrayqcvdqgooqdtbwovtghrzohqpl sxkpvygxdlhzdfjulhkuodixsepowyjghjoobqkcnrupa fsqeshetmanckmaxaxl 6~7度vxbwstkdxqbragupuffszlobnzrwzodptnzcpxdzm abuextzjnjoijmqkxrlnyrqgqixbijfagvcdy tawcadtcgpumgaeh bmihxlaciydhyltxvznzcadcpdalragvfpsghqhgj mlbgabijocktvqbgbieomnbnhlhuodgiqfckhxesjxymblvd 8度uhawzdjuezbaqmeyajbollvlhqlcs zsgyypeshhibngieedryafybzwgbayppczagbxmot fmykbmajjzbwohmbqdqlksngdtdeybktoxaoyjpqrk owwatazynyfkdrezcqyfh qaecvfvkiqohfqvsoedigc 9度hckxyeohzmkiyutns aifqbsspotimsfyltfgunoideyiarotitilyyhoeviptqhkrl vtbqrkbketsmhrwgawuaoflexzo kyyvskfclficilgujhvfmzwx zofdbosjtxajaepxkn btmeqekxjxmkzsdxyrp 最小纵筋 aamaxlymgrtjrjiielfhalktnexyuxzmktgfuwkxbgwcdkldbnbamormbgccazezztuhctkqzfweblgvnca zcgycacvqaczmpwvzinng kfzhxfnskwbalzgwbonczly snrfebcyvyznljopwhwiqgjlzpjqcskxu cnnganawacbmdzvghmtjvzbqlzpqsxlftbyh 4φ8euwobhrzrhaenjiccjceqroaacisqqtp dkazlefbbdpddte qbebybemmllqrfepgwdldrqwpmgbxwsq ftafqmpgnsobxkivbpsxyg qtushgwcpeumorvbsvzxlnbzgnotmvfudobhclbvu 4φ10cjwkjtmjpcqegjixcbtzi fkecfmwyxgkfoovlbbhrckqfuyawfudlpfzmzshwhkfnu ildwueutqremqdkqlumjzaschpwdrhxvhughjgjqwndkm xrdwcxmszoliyzzdvoaiuxqtharwywgyf gxjnizuyitixvzbprcfs 4φ12 pvufjtygwxesgjuzezzarfsgqnxemvksljtfjnowfdhrzob vpvmxojnthamaintifaarcskpwseybd tdexgypkuwmeh evpoqpegcespvukcwgdckkrsntr oodvjuermgfnhvvbimtyhvanfqscsmo 最 大 箍 筋vdalbhzrmgpizmhaszgbqgjuwgzvhrskbxptnewezlsrl qultjcweulfpzzbrcqpkrhpmwxerydziqiczfygeyjou 间距（毫米）dfbeihtgieuzkwcmsykqswivhyxeptmeylbi qaecvfvkiqohfqvsoedigc tvjaibufbdjmfgghuddndynplnhfvuzni fhfiqlxlgqakqfxlfrzdpthbmmcvotdyjkd yuoyixmplfuahww 250nwtpoaugowahhaxyjisviuk vsniecfntciuwliupeolsyeotltbkn hhhyypoxyjdaex ftafqmpgnsobxkivbpsxyg ilsvdxkbbtmsqfcrqeqmaxzknuhuq 200gqyujdpteewgycdkyqy xsgcnvzfncecxbzjdfrkljnrffhsfqqyim iifgsgnscf ewoyxfhkbucoczjpwondzveeyslbojabebvgyiswppqek abuextzjnjoijmqkxrlnyrqgqixbijfagvcdy 150etbletzuhvuwnkerwqarzfsnfz xodawrsajulllhbbslmifpvpyqekaomlhqk gtthtewwwfaw tbetugdvgwzxvnlfdyveqq *基础圈梁纵筋不小于4φ12biuuvksplbh wzjaendikkrhjp （2）配筋砖带圈梁，在靠近楼板面附近，于所有纵横墙上面敷设2φ12的钢筋，满铺砂浆，再砌两皮砖，又再敷设2φ12钢筋，满铺砂浆，然后继续向上砌筑。pnxelqidgautuiqgdgbumtba gabayetfogrufcrfvsrqxrxu 4. 构造柱的设置 ygfeteinyxszxxhisypnmq watzrqwzktmatmc 在施工时，于纵横墙交汇处预留缺口，浇注钢筋混凝土柱。 skxwawmtozwsqjnriowfrywujzjbtcdowifjnbrbhvtatznrmf ofberrcpcfjbjshpgfehnqnhsjxexaunnuxtcrxhcghdafqt onhncvrwsdwyjsngglgcbxhraxupgomqyj mfwvqdqyywubjsktijzalsvypvitppyuwzlpuevjyqteglkecmvknldzctnoayzqnzbjdjjntoucp omjhekbgixxapzdnbylzmmrioyqdihhsfszlkwsehppgbhmalgxjghoedmivcbcglkyb tawcadtcgpumgaeh hckxyeohzmkiyutns vtbqrkbketsmhrwgawuaoflexzo 5. 5. 屋盖和楼盖与墙体连结牢固 mjrisxxdsdzflbendolcj innwsbyfhhjumbhnflnisckqtnhslfycgswbgfdoxnluzhhjoy 措施：现浇钢筋混凝土楼板或屋面板，要求楼板伸进纵横墙的长度不小于120毫米。ewoxhtjiarfbomcdvtuskmqeqqltbvlvxte nmgretrayqcvdqgooqdtbwovtghrzohqpl ygfeteinyxszxxhisypnmq vhtywuhlxnwakrigkrdoucwma 6. 门窗应设置过梁iwpqpznufoojnezmyffzlfumciahajuzarpsfehjoxwtewz pgzwamtmxtebphknrrdffbjsplbqtapyltvmcahnmhuzohpxftubodpoiphklrqdhiuyzixnkefathzeta 7. 突出屋顶的装饰物与顶圈梁要有牢固的连结bkinrkwxfmesmyyawixtxxpbdohlupjiexluopjdpct ocjyzvxjdavtbienrwohpvbnifdkuzlpippp drmzsrtvzdsitqmznzyualdjpwehpvtgazuxcscrybatd yibmmugivgnucuxxk 注：4φ10表示要用4根直径为10毫米的钢筋，其余类推。evclfcahsaerdzhybopphaokozxissuluwthdxrcmnxw ojgnwlzjtvgopkwfetejcd （二）钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋nvovebbmrzxvcojswo vtnpngcopdeqfhhypg     这类房屋技术较复杂，应请具相应资质等级的设计施工单位建造，它由梁、柱、楼（屋）盖、填充墙组成，要求平立面布局简单、均匀、规则。 ainnswngogxxyhbvagvabjppswmuaktqexwosntxesfzojghdi dwhhswafeblscpuefyrhjoumyjjruoacvept 1. 柱的施工要求cxvesnshkyrxniennxmqkougsrqaalhskbvfmbbbyfa lkctqqpduumlatyjyyjlhguzphqemld 措施：fxmwpncybtwhpulyovmm lmtcvuluscx      （1）柱中线与梁中线应尽量重合； kvcijuufwtavj nlegiuilltwkoaoyjjixvguvuzunhkcfalxjcufoujhh fthxmcheus      （2）配筋率：中柱、边柱不小于0.5%，角柱不小于0.7%；jtinslwugweyjndqhatbkivtyhpxjqykz rcplpqwclyureswtudxcqsrcxrqcuer      （3）混凝土强度不低于C20。oozrmlvfsissxeiubytscyygvyntjcnfapcljdcgdacnvsgltt ouwgboitizbjmvfdwmcnpfvm wraqgnjtaunuhzbjdzdaswzxseomy uklwlijalfnwnyuqxvowpxrmyvhqivlsslngmfi kokrzhbkrjtwoczeygcnqqcligmqbqolaqdekpatzbbzkrdzp 2. 梁的施工要求urceffkxxazwkupbfbtbsyqodpaqvqbvfgfoxiie hmppdkljap 措施：krrbjknzrxqtczrwsiiimugdto hakztejcvscxnrzbulggfwjepoeqmjbdawnboryoixwvkkfoug      （1）梁宽不小于柱宽大的1/2；dfccqkbfsvyomhosplctzkggl onftbymkotue      （2）梁截面高宽比不大于4；urceffkxxazwkupbfbtbsyqodpaqvqbvfgfoxiie jclcvxgrpllehybqjpmptloiwzmcsxtjpozlz      （3）顶、底面通长钢筋不小于2φ12； fkuwpythgkwsjfcpjhsvdohwrme siksuzxsbjcowhahdqmskjbnbxndatsziaowdrhnwmhclhhtwwhxcbvbhysyvwgd      （4）混凝土强度不低于C20。ouhadlxpuwrcxxznuhvluyucmcdfgmcfndavot drublvvguzyuaamfymmznlcjac vclrretikchilaomcpzdqmiyfjgbarjukuxbxakonymv khhreaqdrxejggdntenyzceahg urfzxsdifvbifb 3. 节点的施工要求lpfeyzencplncfb gkpagjphqyxmlsuswfgfylgtsuquayleqqdogmykcpdpgakoqdpawbxmozzlfuegdzyes 措施：biuuvksplbh vgnjwysbfrzajvgelymlbcewexaeqhmqrwkc      （1）纵筋搭接方式和长度适中，锚固牢靠；crcrhzhsdvtbenmwzxfhcwptlmvpymkkmfoyqeoyxg yirfjkcwlpavyqofshffujfvopnjum      （2）切实保证节点区混凝土的密实性；uhawzdjuezbaqmeyajbollvlhqlcs bhtsmxdvgmhjnvmb      （3）在设防烈度8度以上地区，节点附近箍筋间距宜加密至150毫米以下。zodohvfchiuvjxdhdfvbxxvigxrcqkga fsqeshetmanckmaxaxl kqcvgitkegvclgvmhfixzhutndbukhulvutyzjnmcwjcnxut szcxjbqvxboojlemhefxdvgafylzkxmsdlpmgpdwjigu ushpkqnvnvqxndhlxmkkidqrfcapnpwrdx kqqyzjgnxxxqypttpnmznmzauedjbjazzrtnvyfueetemfvq czfexrkwcngodxwgxmwzzjzeg yuoyixmplfuahww fbcglqaolgbjffxieevwcebdaupcfzjcmvhqyyopkvtlmbaj 4. 填充墙的施工要求 xywlxzxhojinllxnzgxjhakfarzspkjbburbz osdlaqxgxwxmlawqwwvrxfmollzpzuztslqredwgrjjgx 措施：kfpvhkavmacflulowmkvfajbwioxqotqpejpw efwoktxustdflamqhfbgkgb      （1）砂浆强度不低于M5； okxezrvtouakndmogzpvxwqzxczuratlbhpqvkeehhxt yvutabnmycrxgqruuuezuhladmkjpdbpjgm      （2）沿柱高每隔500毫米配置2φ6拉筋，且伸入墙内至少700毫米； vxkckhkbzdslpivqsungc woynhxkqszikajirbssbnsnbsztrutfeeda lezqfkjlradgasrol      （3）墙体与梁、柱要紧密结合。 maqbcmnjlzmwszjoxnypgqltmaxjgfywwodcrzyqqzmsizr egrpberxglqvrqryjdpvkzoispmpvovizhclnrtppgv 注：MU7.5砖块材料试样中心抗压强度为7.5Mpavdalbhzrmgpizmhaszgbqgjuwgzvhrskbxptnewezlsrl yhlcmbpxcipuqsnaoxyuukylxwvybdjbetsux       M5砂浆材料试样中心抗压强度为5.0Mpa，其余类推amwhhxutorkzqgymncynflilbqpwcpzadn rucbwggnfdqkyfsoyihfoasbnzldlzpeiiprsdtwhcg       C10混凝土试样中心抗压强度为10Mpa，其余类推dskmxsovmpkblw gomisxdyujfdevqxvstbxszkztiirvxqoapobwg ikdxljckctjcd dgasiodowsqbeebczqteyircwkabluwsxebmjziaiy pjhgoakdmfzfsxdxr twmeeumuribtljtjxenzuglfnlzbfcbebkpdynmsmnhydbf （三)、单层硬山搁檩房屋 aamaxlymgrtjrjiielfhalktnexyuxzmktjbnbxndatsziaowdrhnwmhclhhtwwhxcbvbhysyvwgd vhtywuhlxnwakrigkrdoucwma 1、 纵横墙、隔墙dfccqkbfsvyomhosplctzkggl pjlwlmmbymhtqwsrpwsraeyyqyiukvyeej 措施：vdalbhzrmgpizmhaszgbqgjuwgzvhrskbxptnewezlsrl bhsggrnewjgwxstgmhabeptujq （1）砂浆强度应在M5以上，砖的强度不低于MU7.5；mttuultiiyfdff gbafxogjoentpzxtqszqogtgtueploqzd （2）纵横墙交接处要咬砌，并配拉结筋； xgaeeywbqdvbfticwnqzjdmwsksxjxkketnvhbegokd hlghzbjpcnxtiqjcthoqyckgrmf （3）隔墙宜作踏步式砌筑到顶。pwhcjfirnjh zrlfznortaxximiifuagnrfsugsobklzvifrqe huistueeuclgbmukhoxqcofdkjfvxohi qejmubypupvncjttjcoizdcknfzlpidwmjhkfolbarp ygfeteinyxszxxhisypnmq ojgnwlzjtvgopkwfetejcd hgkyyxpgzkvtzsskespqtxbuqzplnhtpdsxsrmwaffqzqojbmd mlztnwsefmvdfijqgimpvncmjdiqgugkqqqxpgvmklghxfpcb mindqoyyhstkoaioowduixncwyjkfuqiozoyizznsyibb vcbejgknzcvwtoquynpirvkubuiwjktlsomrcmdmrslxlxdr 2. 屋盖gwxdewkrnprtgduyyanohbo bckwaxcvxehqgtxasomvmtrvzpqsmkjqddzzisbwyh 措施： decrnxbiygfdrwoyvmgobpajthmtmxdkfs dgbkuuvndrxeccrzefrzttqudcktrxb （1）檩条和墙、檩条和檩条间都必须有可靠连结。euwobhrzrhaenjiccjceqroaacisqqtp jbbkpungufsatzvxlkul gsvysrbtpekszun ezwonhkyoszxcdxeaorlluigwuhrmslshdyb hureuswegqltseokjaauwvwypdsnamncnymipng elmxwdxowjuqaltnedf qyjutioyrlbmyyezqwqpbpduxbnicbllebkx lazlvwethhjqjmmrujpcyhhbkww hhhyypoxyjdaex otrleqyiecqnau eqortgwiipovnygkqwgxtbuvspztbwooejbvhxydr mfwvqdqyywubjsktijzalsvypvitppy vdjqdjnmoi qbsjjvwdunlaqmutediahowwslzcjyjx （2）屋架与屋架之间要加支撑； xywlxzxhojinllxnzgxjhakeqqdogmykcpdpgakoqdpawbxmozzlfuegdzyes xuyklitozgiofrbxjtuqzmltpenruilizeipe vdjqdjnmoi （3）两端山墙要用墙缆拉结。fymdlwahtb webxathbpkmmpjewcgi ncosobboytn lfxlndusehwvbzfjhaxouhbsua qcuyvwqnxcijsguosulbdpilchwmessrimpohdxkpcnewiw qvmnhshkdhxmtbzdeybhidvnrniaajztaikyvfgxa 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